A cough is the body’s natural response to clear the airways of irritants, mucus, or other foreign objects. Recognizing the various causes of coughs is crucial so that appropriate treatment can be carried out immediately. In the UK, on May 4, 2025, medical personnel in London noted an increase in seasonal cough cases caused by extreme weather changes. However, the causes of coughs can vary, ranging from mild viral infections to more serious health conditions. Understanding the root of the problem will help in choosing effective ways to relieve the cough.

One of the most common causes of coughs is an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), such as a cold or flu. These viruses irritate the throat and trigger the production of excess mucus, which is then expelled through coughing. In addition, allergies to dust, pollen, or pet dander can also be a cause of chronic coughs. Exposure to air pollution and cigarette smoke is also known to trigger irritation in the respiratory tract, leading to coughing. A report released by the UK Department of Health in early 2025 mentioned that poor air quality in several major cities contributes significantly to respiratory problems, including coughs.

In addition to environmental factors and infections, several other health conditions can also cause coughs. Asthma, for example, is often characterized by a dry cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can also trigger a chronic cough because stomach acid rising into the esophagus can irritate the respiratory tract. Bronchitis, both acute and chronic, is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes a phlegmy cough. In rarer cases, a persistent cough that does not improve should be considered a symptom of a more serious condition, such as pneumonia or even lung cancer. If the cough is accompanied by other symptoms such as high fever, chest pain, or difficulty breathing, consult a doctor immediately.

To relieve a cough, there are several things that can be done at home. Drinking plenty of warm fluids, such as water, herbal tea with honey, or chicken broth, can help thin mucus and soothe the throat. Using a humidifier or inhaling hot steam is also effective in relieving irritation in the respiratory tract. Gargling with warm salt water can help reduce inflammation in the throat. If the cough is caused by allergies, avoiding the triggers and taking antihistamines can help. It is important to remember that the use of over-the-counter cough medicines should be in accordance with the instructions and consultation with a pharmacist if necessary, especially in children. If the cough does not improve within a few weeks or is accompanied by worrying symptoms, immediately seek medical help at the nearest health facility, such as a clinic or hospital in your area.

Egeria densa, often referred to as Brazilian waterweed or Anacharis, is a submerged aquatic plant widely recognized for its vibrant green foliage and ease of care in aquariums. While prized in controlled environments, understanding its characteristics and potential impacts in natural ecosystems is crucial.  

Identifying Egeria Densa:

This perennial plant features slender, branching stems that can grow quite long. Its most distinctive feature is the arrangement of its bright green, lance-shaped leaves, which typically occur in dense whorls of four to six around the stem. The leaves have finely serrated edges, though this may require close inspection to see. In the right conditions, Egeria densa can produce attractive white flowers that bloom above the water’s surface.  

Why It’s Popular in Aquariums:

Egeria densa‘s popularity in aquariums stems from several factors. It’s a relatively fast-growing plant that can help oxygenate the water and absorb excess nutrients, contributing to a healthier environment for fish. Its dense growth also provides shelter for small fish and invertebrates. Furthermore, it’s generally undemanding and can tolerate a range of water parameters and lighting conditions, making it suitable for beginner aquarists.

Potential Ecological Concerns:

Despite its benefits in aquariums, Egeria densa has become an invasive species in various parts of the world when introduced into natural waterways. Its rapid growth and ability to reproduce through fragmentation allow it to quickly establish and outcompete native aquatic vegetation. Dense infestations can lead to several negative ecological impacts:  

• Reduced Biodiversity: It can displace native plant species, altering habitat structure and reducing food sources for native fauna.  
• Impeded Water Flow: Dense mats can obstruct navigation, irrigation canals, and even contribute to flooding.  
• Altered Water Quality: While it absorbs nutrients, excessive growth can lead to oxygen depletion and changes in water chemistry, negatively affecting aquatic life.  
• Recreational Interference: Thick growth can hinder recreational activities like boating, fishing, and swimming.